Abstract
Objectives: Surgical practice carries a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to prolonged static positions, repetitive movements, and strenuous postures. This article details multi-dimensional approaches to this problem, spanning ergonomic modifications, supportive methods, and physiotherapy-based interventions aimed at preserving surgeon health and operational precision.
Methods: Within this review, the literature on work-related ergonomic risk factors in surgery was synthesized. The approaches detailed include: (1) ergonomic modifications, emphasizing "Heads-Up" 3D imaging systems and exoscopes enabling a neutral spinal position, workstation arrangements, and robotic systems minimizing physical fatigue; (2) Kinesio taping as a supportive method, enhancing circulation, providing proprioceptive feedback, and reducing pain intensity; (3) postural feedback systems based on wearable sensors alerting the surgeon via visual, auditory, or vibratory warnings and (4) physiotherapy and exercise focused on stretching, strengthening, and balance.
Results: The average career-long prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among surgeons is 71.1%, rising to 90.1% in specialties requiring millimetric precision, such as microsurgery. These disorders localize primarily in the lower back (30.4%), neck (26.2%), and shoulder (16.0%); 83.5% of surgeons attribute these symptoms to their operational activities. Traditional microscopes force intense neck flexion, doubling the biomechanical load. Postural feedback systems based on wearable sensors can reduce time spent in high-risk postures from 50.0% to 20.7% .Physiotherapy and exercise approaches play a proactive role in preventing functional limitations by increasing muscle endurance and improving biomechanical alignment.
Conclusion: Integrating these ergonomic strategies into surgical practice is critical for preserving the surgeon's physical integrity, maximizing operational precision, and extending professional productivity over many years.

Key words: ergonomics;exoscope;kinesio tape;microsurgery;physiotherapy; postural problems;postural feedback systems;work-related musculoskeletal disorders